Biomarkers for Prevention and Drug Development on Arthrofibrosis in Post Total Knee Arthroplasty

Arthrofibrosis is a pathological condition characterised by excessive scar tissue formation that can develop in some patients after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), leading to pain, restricted motion, and reduced quality of life. Its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood but is thought to involve dysregulation of normal wound-healing pathways, with TGF-β driving the activation of myofibroblasts, the key effector cells. The current status of surgical treatments for arthrofibrosis highlights the urgent need for safe, effective, and affordable alternatives, particularly as the prevalence of arthrofibrosis is expected to rise in parallel with increasing TKA rates, amplifying its clinical and socioeconomic burden on patients and healthcare systems. It is important to find biomarkers for prognosis and drug development.