Reimagining Circularity: Critical Minerals Governance and Just Transitions in Indonesia

Indonesia stands at a critical juncture in its approach to resource governance, particularly in managing critical minerals. As the worlds largest nickel producer and a key supplier of bauxite and copper, the country plays an essential role in the global energy transition. Yet, its economic model remains deeply entrenched in extractivist logic, prioritizing raw material extraction, industrial processing, and large-scale mining expansion.