β cells cannot directly prime diabetogenic CD8 T cells in nonobese diabetic mice

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by the destruction of insulin-producing islet β cells. CD8 T cells are prevalent in the islets of T1D patients and are the major effectors of β cell destruction in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. In addition to their critical involvement in the late stages of diabetes, CD8 T cells are implicated in the initiation of disease. NOD mice, in which the β₂-microglobulin gene has been inactivated by gene targeting (NOD.β₂M^-/-), have a deficiency in CD8 T cells and do not develop insulitis, which suggests that CD8 T cells are required for the initiation of T1D. However, neither in humans nor in NOD mice have the immunological requirements for diabetogenic CD8 T cells been precisely defined. In particular, it is not known in which cell type MHC class I expression is required for recruitment and activation of CD8 T cells. Here we have generated transgenic NOD mice, which lack MHC class I on mature professional antigen-presenting cells (pAPCs). These "class I APC-bald" mice developed periislet insulitis but not invasive intraislet insulitis, and they never became diabetic. Recruitment to the islet milieu does not therefore require cognate interaction between CD8 T cells and MHC class I on mature pAPCs. Conversely, such an interaction is critically essential to allow the crucial shift from periislet insulitis to invasive insulitis. Importantly, our findings demonstrate unequivocally that CD8 T cells cannot be primed to become diabetogenic by islet β cells alone.