A generalised dynamic model of leaf-level C₃ photosynthesis combining light and dark reactions with stomatal behaviour

Global food demand is rising, impelling us to develop strategies for improving the efficiency of photosynthesis. Classical photosynthesis models based on steady-state assumptions are inherently unsuitable for assessing biochemical and stomatal responses to rapid variations in environmental drivers. To identify strategies to increase photosynthetic efficiency, we need models that account for the timing of CO₂ assimilation responses to dynamic environmental stimuli. Herein, I present a dynamic process-based photosynthetic model for C₃ leaves. The model incorporates both light and dark reactions, coupled with a hydro-mechanical model of stomatal behaviour. The model achieved a stable and realistic rate of light-saturated CO₂ assimilation and stomatal conductance. Additionally, it replicated complete typical assimilatory response curves (stepwise change in CO₂ and light intensity at different oxygen levels) featuring both short lag times and full photosynthetic acclimation. The model also successfully replicated transient responses to changes in light intensity (light flecks), CO₂ concentration, and atmospheric oxygen concentration. This dynamic model is suitable for detailed ecophysiological studies and has potential for superseding the long-dominant steady-state approach to photosynthesis modelling. The model runs as a stand-alone workbook in Microsoft® Excel® and is freely available to download along with a video tutorial.