A long-term ecstasy-related change in visual perception

Rationale: The present study provides the first evidence of the long-term consequences of ecstasy use on visual processes thought to reflect serotonergic functions in the occipital lobe. Methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("ecstasy") is known to cause lasting changes to the serotonin system in animals, and convergent evidence suggests that similar changes occur in human ecstasy users. Other research suggests that serotonin may be involved in lateral inhibition between orientation sensitive neurons in the occipital lobe, and that disruption to the serotonin system causes an increase in the magnitude of the tilt aftereffect illusion that is known depend on those neurons. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to determine if ecstasy users have detectable changes in occipital lobe behavioural functioning, as revealed by the tilt aftereffect illusion. Materials and methods: Thirty ecstasy users and 34 non-drug using controls were compared on the magnitude of the tilt aftereffect illusion following adaptation to stimuli oriented at 15 and 40° from vertical. Results: Ecstasy users who had not used amphetamines for 115 days or more had a larger average tilt aftereffect than non-drug using controls after adaptation to 40° stimuli but not after adaptation to 15° stimuli. Additionally, there was no difference between non-drug using controls and ecstasy users who had used amphetamines within the last 61 days at either adaptation angle. Conclusions: The results were consistent with the proposal that ecstasy-related damage to the serotonin system causes behavioural changes on tests of visual perception processes that are thought to reflect serotonergic functions in the occipital lobe.