TY - JOUR
T1 - An assessment of Southern Ocean water masses and sea ice during 1988-2007 in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations
AU - Downes, Stephanie M.
AU - Farneti, Riccardo
AU - Uotila, Petteri
AU - Griffies, Stephen M.
AU - Marsland, Simon J.
AU - Bailey, David
AU - Behrens, Erik
AU - Bentsen, Mats
AU - Bi, Daohua
AU - Biastoch, Arne
AU - Böning, Claus
AU - Bozec, Alexandra
AU - Canuto, Vittorio M.
AU - Chassignet, Eric
AU - Danabasoglu, Gokhan
AU - Danilov, Sergey
AU - Diansky, Nikolay
AU - Drange, Helge
AU - Fogli, Pier Giuseppe
AU - Gusev, Anatoly
AU - Howard, Armando
AU - Ilicak, Mehmet
AU - Jung, Thomas
AU - Kelley, Maxwell
AU - Large, William G.
AU - Leboissetier, Anthony
AU - Long, Matthew
AU - Lu, Jianhua
AU - Masina, Simona
AU - Mishra, Akhilesh
AU - Navarra, Antonio
AU - George Nurser, A. J.
AU - Patara, Lavinia
AU - Samuels, Bonita L.
AU - Sidorenko, Dmitry
AU - Spence, Paul
AU - Tsujino, Hiroyuki
AU - Wang, Qiang
AU - Yeager, Stephen G.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2015 Elsevier Ltd.
PY - 2015/10/1
Y1 - 2015/10/1
N2 - We characterise the representation of the Southern Ocean water mass structure and sea ice within a suite of 15 global ocean-ice models run with the Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiment Phase II (CORE-II) protocol. The main focus is the representation of the present (1988-2007) mode and intermediate waters, thus framing an analysis of winter and summer mixed layer depths; temperature, salinity, and potential vorticity structure; and temporal variability of sea ice distributions. We also consider the interannual variability over the same 20 year period. Comparisons are made between models as well as to observation-based analyses where available.The CORE-II models exhibit several biases relative to Southern Ocean observations, including an underestimation of the model mean mixed layer depths of mode and intermediate water masses in March (associated with greater ocean surface heat gain), and an overestimation in September (associated with greater high latitude ocean heat loss and a more northward winter sea-ice extent). In addition, the models have cold and fresh/warm and salty water column biases centred near 50°S. Over the 1988-2007 period, the CORE-II models consistently simulate spatially variable trends in sea-ice concentration, surface freshwater fluxes, mixed layer depths, and 200-700 m ocean heat content. In particular, sea-ice coverage around most of the Antarctic continental shelf is reduced, leading to a cooling and freshening of the near surface waters. The shoaling of the mixed layer is associated with increased surface buoyancy gain, except in the Pacific where sea ice is also influential. The models are in disagreement, despite the common CORE-II atmospheric state, in their spatial pattern of the 20-year trends in the mixed layer depth and sea-ice.
AB - We characterise the representation of the Southern Ocean water mass structure and sea ice within a suite of 15 global ocean-ice models run with the Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiment Phase II (CORE-II) protocol. The main focus is the representation of the present (1988-2007) mode and intermediate waters, thus framing an analysis of winter and summer mixed layer depths; temperature, salinity, and potential vorticity structure; and temporal variability of sea ice distributions. We also consider the interannual variability over the same 20 year period. Comparisons are made between models as well as to observation-based analyses where available.The CORE-II models exhibit several biases relative to Southern Ocean observations, including an underestimation of the model mean mixed layer depths of mode and intermediate water masses in March (associated with greater ocean surface heat gain), and an overestimation in September (associated with greater high latitude ocean heat loss and a more northward winter sea-ice extent). In addition, the models have cold and fresh/warm and salty water column biases centred near 50°S. Over the 1988-2007 period, the CORE-II models consistently simulate spatially variable trends in sea-ice concentration, surface freshwater fluxes, mixed layer depths, and 200-700 m ocean heat content. In particular, sea-ice coverage around most of the Antarctic continental shelf is reduced, leading to a cooling and freshening of the near surface waters. The shoaling of the mixed layer is associated with increased surface buoyancy gain, except in the Pacific where sea ice is also influential. The models are in disagreement, despite the common CORE-II atmospheric state, in their spatial pattern of the 20-year trends in the mixed layer depth and sea-ice.
KW - CORE-II experiments
KW - Ocean model intercomparison
KW - Sea ice
KW - Southern Ocean
KW - Water masses
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84930231422&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.07.022
DO - 10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.07.022
M3 - Article
SN - 1463-5003
VL - 94
SP - 67
EP - 94
JO - Ocean Modelling
JF - Ocean Modelling
ER -