An integrative framework of supervisor responses to workgroup conflict

This chapter describes a conceptual framework linking schedule design considerations and employees schedule perceptions to retention outcomes. It highlights some of the connections between work schedule management and retention related outcomes. Much of the existing literature refers to shift work and shift workers rather than non-standard work schedules. Traditional conceptions of shift work are still common in manufacturing, public safety, and to a certain extent in health care. Non-standard work schedules have clear costs and benefits, both for employers and employees. The health-related costs of such schedules for employees have been well-documented. Most work schedule research focuses on the negative effects of working non-standard schedules. Studies have linked non-standard work schedules to psychological problems such as learned helplessness and depression, mental and emotional health, loneliness, and psychological distress. The nurses working mixed schedules reported lower job satisfaction, less social involvement, and weaker organizational commitment, as well as higher absenteeism and stronger turnover intentions.