Arterial stiffness: Methods of measurement, physiologic determinants and prediction of cardiovascular outcomes

Arterial stiffness has been shown to be a potent and independent predictor of cardiovascular risk. In this review, we outline methods for the measurement of arterial stiffness, describe the physiological mechanisms that underpin the utility of arterial stiffness as an integrative marker of cardiovascular disease, and detail the evidence examining the value of arterial stiffness for prediction of adverse cardiovascular events and mortality. The extent to which arterial stiffness may be modified by medical and lifestyle therapy is reviewed.