Complex REE systematics of carbonatites and weathering products from uniquely rich Mount Weld REE deposit, Western Australia

Carbonatite intrusive complexes are important hosts for Rare Earth Elements (REE) deposits and are commonly affected by surficial weathering processes. Mount Weld REE deposit of Western Australia is one of the world's richest REE deposits and here we present whole-rock and REE mineral geochemical data on compositions of primary and weathered carbonatites. The REE concentrations in magmatic carbonatites at Mount Weld vary by two orders of magnitude, suggesting a significant role of magmatic processes in REE enrichment in the carbonatite complex. The Th-Pb age 2056±67 (2σ) Ma of monazite-(Ce) from the carbonatite obtained by in situ LA-ICP-MS analyses confirm Paleoproterozoic age of the mineralization. The regolith samples preserve a detailed record of evolution from carbonatite to products of intensive weathering. The silica-cemented regolith (silcrete) contains monazite-(Ce) and apatite chemically identical to their carbonatite-hosted equivalents. The high-REE regolith containing 51.8 wt% ∑REE₂O₃ has some of the highest REE concentrations found to date, negative Ce anomaly and contains lithogenic monazite within matrix of florencite-(Ce) and rhabdophane-(Nd) and rhabdophane-(Nd) tubes resembling casts of plant material. The pronounced negative Ce anomalies in the ferruginous cap rock (ferricrete) and the high-REE regolith indicate intensive weathering, where Ce⁴⁺ was preferential removed relative to the REE³⁺. The presence of paleo-plants in the high-REE regolith implicates bio-assisted processes involved in the extreme REE fractionation. The diverse REE enrichment processes, which occurred in supergene environment of Mount Weld, have implications for the understanding of the genesis of REE deposits worldwide.