Conclusions

In particular, the importance of international collaboration in criminal matters is widely acknowledged. Be it multiple states affected by illegal fishing in the Indo-Pacific region, private security providers in the ports of Antwerp and Brisbane, or law enforcement agencies and security services cooperating on the prevention of the next terrorist attack, there are numerous stakeholders involved in a variety of policing and/or security contexts. More importantly, the common interest of governmental and public-sector stakeholders in managing and preventing illicit flows must be harnessed to better effect. And, despite the benefits that are to be reaped from mutual support and cooperation, all too often collective action founders due to the lack of trust or misalignment of incentives. As a result, immigration policy often represents a careful balancing act where, unpalatable thought it might seem to some, foreigners are de facto divided into the desirable and the undesirable.