Determining Multiple Welfare Regimes in Pakistan

Most studies on welfare regimes in the global south employ country-level aggregate data of a few selected welfare outcomes. Such studies have treated countries as examples of single regime types rather than complex combinations of different regimes for different population sub-groups. In this chapter, the results of clusters formed in the previous chapter have been triangulated with qualitative data to show that each cluster represents a distinct welfare regime in Pakistan. Identifying multiple types of welfare regimes within a lower to middle-income country will help improve social protection programs and other policy interventions. I conclude that, in Pakistan, five distinct welfare regimes coexist at any one point in time.