Disclosure of Some Obscure Mechanistic Aspects of the Copper-Catalyzed Click Reactions Involving N ₂ Elimination Promoted by the Use of Electron-Deficient Azides from a DFT Perspective

We have used density functional theory to explore the copper(I)-catalyzed reaction between a mesyl azide and a terminal alkyne that leads to a ketenimine whose interaction with nucleophilic water produces an amide. It is well reported in the literature that a cuprated triazole intermediate is formed during the course of such a catalytic cycle. In this contribution, we investigated the stability of this key intermediate by varying the R substituent on the azide and found that electron-withdrawing R substituents make this intermediate more reactive toward ring opening/N ₂ elimination; an electron-withdrawing R substituent facilitates this process by weakening the N-N bond being cleaved. We also rationalized why the cycloaddition step in this class of click reactions is required to proceed via a binuclear mechanism. The copper(I) acetylide intermediate formed during the catalysis gains extra stability upon scavenging a second Cu complex, resulting in the cycloaddition step occurring with a lower activation barrier. We also noticed that, similar to the ring closure step, inclusion of a second Cu complex may accelerate the ring opening/N ₂ elimination process. It was shown that the ketenimine needs to coordinate to a copper center via its nitrogen atom in order to be activated toward hydrolysis.