Educational attainments, inter-ethnic marriage and social cohesion

The concept of social cohesion derives from the work of Durkhiem and has been defined as ‘the interdependence between members of a society, shared loyalties, and solidarity’ (Jenson 1998, quoted in Berger-Schmitt 2000: 3). It has been suggested that social cohesion is a characteristic of strong communities and an important element in building them (Stone & Hughes 2002). Social cohesion has been described variously as reflecting the strength of social relations, shared values and a sense of common identity and belonging to the same community (Berger-Schmitt 2000). Recent conceptualisation about social cohesion in Western societies suggests that it can be considered to have five dimensions: belonging – shared values, identity, commitment; inclusion – equal opportunities for access; participation – engagement in structures and systems; recognition – respect and tolerance; and legitimacy – pluralism (Berger-Schmitt 2000; Berger-Schmitt & Noll 2000). The definitions and dimensions of social cohesion described above suggest that social cohesion is more likely in communities and societies where there is less social, cultural, economic and religious diversity so that people have shared values and a sense of common identity. Two recent studies in the United States have suggested that social cohesion is difficult to achieve in multiracial and ethnically diverse communities. As yet unpublished research by Robert Putnam of Harvard University indicates that people in ethnically diverse communities are less trusting of one another (Wilson 2006).