Electrochemical reactivity of ilmenite FeTiO₃, its nanostructures and oxide-carbon nanocomposites with lithium

The electrochemical reactivity of the ball-milled ilmenite FeTiO ₃ and ilmenite nanoflowers with lithium has been investigated. The electrode assembled with the ilmenite nanoflowers delivers better electrochemical performance than that of the milled material during charging and discharging in the potential range of 0.01 and 3 V vs. Li/Li⁺. The ilmenite nanoflowers demonstrate the capacity of ca. 650 mAh g^-1 during the first discharge, and a reversible capacity of approximately 200 mAh g^-1 in the course of the first 50 cycles. The possible reaction mechanism between ilmenite and lithium was studied using cyclic voltammetry and transmission electron microscopy. The first discharge involves the formation of an irreversible phase, which is either LiTiO₂ or LiFeO₂. Subsequently, the extraction-insertion of lithium happens in a reversible manner. It was also observed that the lithium storage might be significantly improved if the electrode was prepared in the form of a nanocomposite of FeTiO₃ with carbon. Crown