Empirical evaluation of the LEED green building rating system: exploring limitations through configurational analysis

The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system faces critical methodological shortcomings that limit its ability to drive holistic sustainability. This study explored these shortcomings through a configurational analysis of 1,248 LEED-certified buildings in the United States, identifying combinations of LEED categories that contribute to high ratings. Configurational analysis revealed five distinct pathways to achieving high green building performance outcomes and obtaining LEED certification. The results indicated that three out of nine LEED categories are consistently present across all five configurations, whereas four categories are underutilized in the certification process. To enhance the effectiveness of LEED, this paper proposed three targeted reforms to strengthen the evaluative rigor of LEED. First, addressing overlaps among credits would ensure that awarded points reflect genuine sustainability contributions. Second, introducing minimum score thresholds for underutilized categories would promote a more balanced approach. Third, integrating region-specific benchmarks would align certification criteria with local environmental priorities and climate conditions, making green building standards more responsive to regional sustainability challenges. This study enhances understanding of how different LEED categories interact to influence sustainability outcomes. Additionally, by refining LEED’s methodological foundations, it contributes to the evolution of a more rigorous, equitable, and region-sensitive green building certification system.