Face-to-face versus computer-mediated communication: A synthesis of the experimental literature

This paper synthesizes the findings of published experimental studies (n = 18) that compared face-to-face (FTF) and computer-mediated communication (CMC). The literature is pulled together by way of ten propositions, each presented with the supporting evidence. In general, discussions on CMC take longer, produce more ideas, and have greater equality of participation. There is reduced normative pressure and poorer comprehension of the discussion in CMC. Findings regarding quality of performance, uninhibited behavior, choice shift, attitude change, and evaluation of communication partner are not definitive. Factors limiting the internal and external validity of these studies are also discussed.