Finding Function: Exaptation, Maintenance, and Exemplification

This paper proposes a fictionalist theory of proper function based on Nelson Goodman’s work, called ‘function exemplification theory.’ This theory has two features. First, like realist proper function theories, function exemplification theory provides normative benchmarks for evaluating artefact performance. Second, function exemplification theory accommodates how artefact functions can change incrementally over time due to exaptation and maintenance practices.