From first encounters to sustained engagement and alienation: European and ni-Vanuatu contact from 1774 to 1915, Port Sandwich, Malakula, Vanuatu, Southwest Pacific

This chapter outlines an ongoing research program which investigates the evolving engagements between ni-Vanuatu and Europeans in the Port Sandwich region (in southern Malakula, Vanuatu) during the period from 1774 to 1915. The research has drawn on a multiplicity of sourcesincluding oral traditions, historic documents, and archaeological surveys and excavationsin an attempt to provide new insights into the process of colonization from both an indigenous and European perspective. For instance, James Cook visited the ideal harbour in 1774. Following his positive report of the location, almost all foreign vessels visiting northern Vanuatu over the next 100 years would use Port Sandwich as a base. It became an early focus for sustained European settlement. Although Vanuatu (or the New Hebrides, as it was then known) became a formalized colony in 1906, land purchases in Port Sandwich began as early as the 1870s. Moreover, a French military camp was established earlier, in 1886, and Catholic missionaries arrived two years later. Increasing tensions developed and conflict inevitably erupted. Indigenous resistance continued for decades, and, by 1913, as evidence suggests there was massive depopulation.