Gender equality architecture: The intergovernmental level in federal systems

This article provides a first overall account of the intergovernmental components of Australia's gender equality architecture in the period 1978-2014. From the 1990s this is largely a story of institutional fragility. In explaining this, factors identified by scholars of state feminism, such as lack of political will, partisan ideologies and discursive shifts, particularly the increased influence of neoliberal approaches to governance, are taken into account. The new factor introduced is that of executive federalism, characterised by decision-making behind closed doors. When women's intergovernmental bodies attempted to open doors to community input this proved fruitless, particularly in the area of economic decision-making. Repeated attempts to introduce gender-disaggregated reporting on the outcomes of Commonwealth-State agreements were also largely unsuccessful. The article concludes that the democratic deficits associated with executive federalism - lack of parliamentary oversight or accountability and lack of community consultation - are closely related to the deficits in gender mainstreaming.