TY - JOUR
T1 - Geographical distribution of human Schistosoma japonicum infection in The Philippines
T2 - Tools to support disease control and further elimination
AU - Soares Magalhães, Ricardo J.
AU - Salamat, Maria Sonia
AU - Leonardo, Lydia
AU - Gray, Darren J.
AU - Carabin, Hélène
AU - Halton, Kate
AU - McManus, Donald P.
AU - Williams, Gail M.
AU - Rivera, Pilarita
AU - Saniel, Ofelia
AU - Hernandez, Leda
AU - Yakob, Laith
AU - McGarvey, Stephen
AU - Clements, Archie
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2014 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc.
PY - 2014/11/1
Y1 - 2014/11/1
N2 - Schistosoma japonicum infection is believed to be endemic in 28 of the 80 provinces of The Philippines and the most recent data on schistosomiasis prevalence have shown considerable variability between provinces. In order to increase the efficient allocation of parasitic disease control resources in the country, we aimed to describe the small-scale spatial variation in S. japonicum prevalence across The Philippines, quantify the role of the physical environment in driving the spatial variation of S. japonicum, and develop a predictive risk map of S. japonicum infection. Data on S. japonicum infection from 35,754 individuals across the country were geo-located at the barangay level and included in the analysis. The analysis was then stratified geographically for the regions of Luzon, the Visayas and Mindanao. Zero-inflated binomial Bayesian geostatistical models of S. japonicum prevalence were developed and diagnostic uncertainty was incorporated. Results of the analysis show that in the three regions, males and individuals aged ≥20. years had significantly higher prevalence of S. japonicum compared with females and children <5. years. The role of the environmental variables differed between regions of The Philippines. Schistosoma japonicum infection was widespread in the Visayas whereas it was much more focal in Luzon and Mindanao. This analysis revealed significant spatial variation in the prevalence of S. japonicum infection in The Philippines. This suggests that a spatially targeted approach to schistosomiasis interventions, including mass drug administration, is warranted. When financially possible, additional schistosomiasis surveys should be prioritised for areas identified to be at high risk but which were under-represented in our dataset.
AB - Schistosoma japonicum infection is believed to be endemic in 28 of the 80 provinces of The Philippines and the most recent data on schistosomiasis prevalence have shown considerable variability between provinces. In order to increase the efficient allocation of parasitic disease control resources in the country, we aimed to describe the small-scale spatial variation in S. japonicum prevalence across The Philippines, quantify the role of the physical environment in driving the spatial variation of S. japonicum, and develop a predictive risk map of S. japonicum infection. Data on S. japonicum infection from 35,754 individuals across the country were geo-located at the barangay level and included in the analysis. The analysis was then stratified geographically for the regions of Luzon, the Visayas and Mindanao. Zero-inflated binomial Bayesian geostatistical models of S. japonicum prevalence were developed and diagnostic uncertainty was incorporated. Results of the analysis show that in the three regions, males and individuals aged ≥20. years had significantly higher prevalence of S. japonicum compared with females and children <5. years. The role of the environmental variables differed between regions of The Philippines. Schistosoma japonicum infection was widespread in the Visayas whereas it was much more focal in Luzon and Mindanao. This analysis revealed significant spatial variation in the prevalence of S. japonicum infection in The Philippines. This suggests that a spatially targeted approach to schistosomiasis interventions, including mass drug administration, is warranted. When financially possible, additional schistosomiasis surveys should be prioritised for areas identified to be at high risk but which were under-represented in our dataset.
KW - Disease control
KW - Disease elimination
KW - Philippines
KW - Risk mapping
KW - Schistosoma japonicum
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84908254822&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.06.010
DO - 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.06.010
M3 - Article
SN - 0020-7519
VL - 44
SP - 977
EP - 984
JO - International Journal for Parasitology
JF - International Journal for Parasitology
IS - 13
ER -