Abstract
Background The fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG 5) established the goal of a 75% reduction in the maternal mortality ratio (MMR; number of maternal deaths per 100 000 livebirths) between 1990 and 2015. We aimed to measure levels and track trends in maternal mortality, the key causes contributing to maternal death, and timing of maternal death with respect to delivery. Methods We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to analyse a database of data for 7065 site-years and estimate the number of maternal deaths from all causes in 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. We estimated the number of pregnancy-related deaths caused by HIV on the basis of a systematic review of the relative risk of dying during pregnancy for HIV-positive women compared with HIV-negative women. We also estimated the fraction of these deaths aggravated by pregnancy on the basis of a systematic review. To estimate the numbers of maternal deaths due to nine diff erent causes, we identified 61 sources from a systematic review and 943 site-years of vital registration data. We also did a systematic review of reports about the timing of maternal death, identifying 142 sources to use in our analysis. We developed estimates for each country for 1990-2013 using Bayesian meta-regression. We estimated 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for all values. Findings 292 982 (95% UI 261 017-327 792) maternal deaths occurred in 2013, compared with 376 034 (343 483-407 574) in 1990. The global annual rate of change in the MMR was -0.3% (-1.1 to 0.6) from 1990 to 2003, and -2.7% (-3.9 to -1.5) from 2003 to 2013, with evidence of continued acceleration. MMRs reduced consistently in south, east, and southeast Asia between 1990 and 2013, but maternal deaths increased in much of sub-Saharan Africa during the 1990s. 2070 (1290-2866) maternal deaths were related to HIV in 2013, 0.4% (0.2-0.6) of the global total. MMR was highest in the oldest age groups in both 1990 and 2013. In 2013, most deaths occurred intrapartum or postpartum. Causes varied by region and between 1990 and 2013. We recorded substantial variation in the MMR by country in 2013, from 956.8 (685.1-1262.8) in South Sudan to 2.4 (1.6-3.6) in Iceland. Interpretation Global rates of change suggest that only 16 countries will achieve the MDG 5 target by 2015. Accelerated reductions since the Millennium Declaration in 2000 coincide with increased development assistance for maternal, newborn, and child health. Setting of targets and associated interventions for after 2015 will need careful consideration of regions that are making slow progress, such as west and central Africa. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Original language | English |
---|---|
Pages (from-to) | 980-1004 |
Number of pages | 25 |
Journal | The Lancet |
Volume | 384 |
Issue number | 9947 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 22 Sept 2014 |
Externally published | Yes |
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In: The Lancet, Vol. 384, No. 9947, 22.09.2014, p. 980-1004.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
TY - JOUR
T1 - Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990-2013
T2 - A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
AU - Kassebaum, Nicholas J.
AU - Bertozzi-Villa, Amelia
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AU - Che, Xuan
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AU - Colquhoun, Samantha M.
AU - Cooper, Leslie Trumbull
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AU - Da Costa Leite, Iuri
AU - Dandona, Lalit
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AU - Dayama, Anand
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AU - Del Pozo-Cruz, Borja
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AU - Dessalegn, Muluken
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AU - Gibney, Katherine B.
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AU - Hafezi-Nejad, Nima
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AU - Hammami, Mouhanad
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AU - Husseini, Abdullatif
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AU - Jonas, Jost B.
AU - Juel, Knud
AU - Kabagambe, Edmond Kato
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AU - Kaul, Anil
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AU - Kengne, Andre Pascal
AU - Kereselidze, Maia
AU - Khader, Yousef Saleh
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AU - Khang, Young Ho
AU - Knibbs, Luke
AU - Kokubo, Yoshihiro
AU - Kosen, Soewarta
AU - Defo, Barthelemy Kuate
AU - Kulkarni, Chanda
AU - Kulkarni, Veena S.
AU - Kumar, G. Anil
AU - Kumar, Kaushalendra
AU - Kumar, Ravi B.
AU - Kwan, Gene
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AU - Leigh, James
AU - Leinsalu, Mall
AU - Leung, Ricky
AU - Li, Xiaohong
AU - Li, Yichong
AU - Li, Yongmei
AU - Liang, Juan
AU - Liang, Xiaofeng
AU - Lim, Stephen S.
AU - Lin, Hsien Ho
AU - Lipshultz, Steven E.
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AU - London, Stephanie J.
AU - Lotufo, Paulo A.
AU - Ma, Jixiang
AU - Ma, Stefan
AU - Machado, Vasco Manuel Pedro
AU - Mainoo, Nana Kwaku
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AU - Mapoma, Christopher Chabila
AU - Marcenes, Wagner
AU - Marzan, Melvin Barrientos
AU - Mason-Jones, Amanda J.
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AU - Memish, Ziad A.
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AU - Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar
AU - Mori, Rintaro
AU - Mueller, Ulrich O.
AU - Mukaigawara, Mitsuru
AU - Naheed, Aliya
AU - Naidoo, Kovin S.
AU - Nand, Devina
AU - Nangia, Vinay
AU - Nash, Denis
AU - Nejjari, Chakib
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AU - Nisar, Muhammad Imran
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AU - Norheim, Ole F.
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AU - Ohkubo, Takayoshi
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AU - Polinder, Suzanne
AU - Pope, Dan
AU - Pourmalek, Farshad
AU - Qato, Dima
AU - Quistberg, D. Alex
AU - Rafay, Anwar
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AU - Ur Rahman, Sajjad
AU - Raju, Murugesan
AU - Rana, Saleem M.
AU - Refaat, Amany
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AU - Roy, Nobhojit
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AU - Sahraian, Mohammad Ali
AU - Salomon, Joshua A.
AU - Sampson, Uchechukwu
AU - Santos, Itamar S.
AU - Sawhney, Monika
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AU - Schneider, Ione J.C.
AU - Schumacher, Austin
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AU - Seedat, Soraya
AU - Sepanlou, Sadaf G.
AU - Servan-Mori, Edson E.
AU - Shakh-Nazarova, Marina
AU - Sheikhbahaei, Sara
AU - Shibuya, Kenji
AU - Shin, Hwashin Hyun
AU - Shiue, Ivy
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AU - Silberberg, Donald H.
AU - Silva, Andrea P.
AU - Singh, Jasvinder A.
AU - Skirbekk, Vegard
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AU - Soshnikov, Sergey S.
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AU - Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos
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AU - Vos, Theo
AU - Waller, Stephen
AU - Wang, Haidong
AU - Wang, Linhong
AU - Wang, Xiao Rong
AU - Wang, Yanping
AU - Weichenthal, Scott
AU - Weiderpass, Elisabete
AU - Weintraub, Robert G.
AU - Westerman, Ronny
AU - Wilkinson, James D.
AU - Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret
AU - Wong, John Q.
AU - Wordofa, Muluemebet Abera
AU - Xu, Gelin
AU - Yang, Yang C.
AU - Yano, Yuichiro
AU - Yentur, Gokalp Kadri
AU - Yip, Paul
AU - Yonemoto, Naohiro
AU - Yoon, Seok Jun
AU - Younis, Mustafa Z.
AU - Yu, Chuanhua
AU - Jin, Kim Yun
AU - El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa
AU - Zhao, Yong
AU - Zheng, Yingfeng
AU - Zhou, Maigeng
AU - Zhu, Jun
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AU - Lopez, Alan D.
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AU - Murray, Christopher J.L.
AU - Lozano, Rafael
PY - 2014/9/22
Y1 - 2014/9/22
N2 - Background The fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG 5) established the goal of a 75% reduction in the maternal mortality ratio (MMR; number of maternal deaths per 100 000 livebirths) between 1990 and 2015. We aimed to measure levels and track trends in maternal mortality, the key causes contributing to maternal death, and timing of maternal death with respect to delivery. Methods We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to analyse a database of data for 7065 site-years and estimate the number of maternal deaths from all causes in 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. We estimated the number of pregnancy-related deaths caused by HIV on the basis of a systematic review of the relative risk of dying during pregnancy for HIV-positive women compared with HIV-negative women. We also estimated the fraction of these deaths aggravated by pregnancy on the basis of a systematic review. To estimate the numbers of maternal deaths due to nine diff erent causes, we identified 61 sources from a systematic review and 943 site-years of vital registration data. We also did a systematic review of reports about the timing of maternal death, identifying 142 sources to use in our analysis. We developed estimates for each country for 1990-2013 using Bayesian meta-regression. We estimated 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for all values. Findings 292 982 (95% UI 261 017-327 792) maternal deaths occurred in 2013, compared with 376 034 (343 483-407 574) in 1990. The global annual rate of change in the MMR was -0.3% (-1.1 to 0.6) from 1990 to 2003, and -2.7% (-3.9 to -1.5) from 2003 to 2013, with evidence of continued acceleration. MMRs reduced consistently in south, east, and southeast Asia between 1990 and 2013, but maternal deaths increased in much of sub-Saharan Africa during the 1990s. 2070 (1290-2866) maternal deaths were related to HIV in 2013, 0.4% (0.2-0.6) of the global total. MMR was highest in the oldest age groups in both 1990 and 2013. In 2013, most deaths occurred intrapartum or postpartum. Causes varied by region and between 1990 and 2013. We recorded substantial variation in the MMR by country in 2013, from 956.8 (685.1-1262.8) in South Sudan to 2.4 (1.6-3.6) in Iceland. Interpretation Global rates of change suggest that only 16 countries will achieve the MDG 5 target by 2015. Accelerated reductions since the Millennium Declaration in 2000 coincide with increased development assistance for maternal, newborn, and child health. Setting of targets and associated interventions for after 2015 will need careful consideration of regions that are making slow progress, such as west and central Africa. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
AB - Background The fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG 5) established the goal of a 75% reduction in the maternal mortality ratio (MMR; number of maternal deaths per 100 000 livebirths) between 1990 and 2015. We aimed to measure levels and track trends in maternal mortality, the key causes contributing to maternal death, and timing of maternal death with respect to delivery. Methods We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to analyse a database of data for 7065 site-years and estimate the number of maternal deaths from all causes in 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. We estimated the number of pregnancy-related deaths caused by HIV on the basis of a systematic review of the relative risk of dying during pregnancy for HIV-positive women compared with HIV-negative women. We also estimated the fraction of these deaths aggravated by pregnancy on the basis of a systematic review. To estimate the numbers of maternal deaths due to nine diff erent causes, we identified 61 sources from a systematic review and 943 site-years of vital registration data. We also did a systematic review of reports about the timing of maternal death, identifying 142 sources to use in our analysis. We developed estimates for each country for 1990-2013 using Bayesian meta-regression. We estimated 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for all values. Findings 292 982 (95% UI 261 017-327 792) maternal deaths occurred in 2013, compared with 376 034 (343 483-407 574) in 1990. The global annual rate of change in the MMR was -0.3% (-1.1 to 0.6) from 1990 to 2003, and -2.7% (-3.9 to -1.5) from 2003 to 2013, with evidence of continued acceleration. MMRs reduced consistently in south, east, and southeast Asia between 1990 and 2013, but maternal deaths increased in much of sub-Saharan Africa during the 1990s. 2070 (1290-2866) maternal deaths were related to HIV in 2013, 0.4% (0.2-0.6) of the global total. MMR was highest in the oldest age groups in both 1990 and 2013. In 2013, most deaths occurred intrapartum or postpartum. Causes varied by region and between 1990 and 2013. We recorded substantial variation in the MMR by country in 2013, from 956.8 (685.1-1262.8) in South Sudan to 2.4 (1.6-3.6) in Iceland. Interpretation Global rates of change suggest that only 16 countries will achieve the MDG 5 target by 2015. Accelerated reductions since the Millennium Declaration in 2000 coincide with increased development assistance for maternal, newborn, and child health. Setting of targets and associated interventions for after 2015 will need careful consideration of regions that are making slow progress, such as west and central Africa. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84907272570&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60696-6
DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60696-6
M3 - Article
SN - 0140-6736
VL - 384
SP - 980
EP - 1004
JO - The Lancet
JF - The Lancet
IS - 9947
ER -