Helium and nitrogen enrichment in massive main-sequence stars: Mechanisms and implications for the origin of WNL stars

The evolutionary paths taken bymassive stars withM≳60M⊙ remain substantially uncertain. They begin their lives as main-sequence (MS) O stars. Depending on their masses, rotation rates, and metallicities, they can then encounter a wide range of evolutionary states with an equally broad set of possible surface compositions and spectral classifications. We present a new grid of calculations for the evolution of such stars that covers a broad range in mass, M/M⊙ = 60-150, rotation rate, v/vcrit = 0-0.6, metallicity, [Fe/H]=-4 to 0, and α-element enhancement, [α/Fe]=0-0.4.We showthat rotating stars undergo rotationally induced dredgeup of nucleosynthetic products, mostly He and N, to their surfaces while still on theMS. Nonrotating metal-rich stars also reveal the products of nucleosynthesis on their surfaces because even modest amounts of mass-loss expose their 'fossil' convective cores: Regions that are no longer convective, but were part of the convective core at an early stage in the star's evolution. Thus, surface enhancement of He and N is expected for rotating stars at all metallicities, and for non-rotating stars if they are relatively metal-rich. We calculate a stellar atmosphere for a representative model from our grid, properly accounting for He and N enhancement, and show that the resulting spectrum provides a good match to observed WNL stars, strongly suggesting that the physical mechanisms we have identified are the ultimate cause of the WNL phase.