Highly Automated and Autonomous Technologies

Chapter 6 addresses remote control technologies. In the military context, ‘man on the loop’ systems, swarms, highly automated and autonomous weapon systems are all explained and set against applicable law and doctrine. Criteria for the legal acceptability of such systems are listed, in particular the need for targeting law obligations, such as precautions, to be capable of implementation. Artificial learning intelligence is discussed, noting the extensive human involvement in such operations. After assessing the impact of interference and deception on human responsibility for automated and autonomous operations, proposals for new law to address such weapon technologies, e.g. under the aegis of CCW, are considered. Peacetime applications of automation and autonomy in civil aviation, in surgical procedures and in driverless cars are evaluated. Emerging regulations and guidance issued by the UK CAA, US FAA, US Food and Drug Administration Guidance and by US, UK and German legislatures, inter alia, are examined. Introducing these sophisticated technologies is likely to pose many challenges in both the military and civilian sectors. Appropriately constraining the artificial learning process and maintaining sufficient human experience to enable meaningful human intervention when needed are just two of the significant issues.