Hybrid economies in practice, Groote Eylandt, Australia

Social enterprises (SEs) are emerging as powerful vehicles for addressing socio-economic challenges in Indigenous communities. On Groote Eylandt, a remote island in northern Australia, Bush Medijina offers a compelling example of how a hybrid economy, one that integrates market, state, and customary economies, can create sustainable development opportunities. Led by Anindilyakwa women, this SE blends traditional knowledge of medicinal plants with modern commercial practices to produce skincare and haircare products. It draws on government support, mining royalties, and cultural practices to deliver social benefits while also providing a platform for women’s leadership and empowerment.