Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) Phase II Deployment and Commissioning

Lindsay M. Berkhout; Daniel C. Jacobs; Zuhra Abdurashidova; Tyrone Adams; James E. Aguirre; Paul Alexander; Zaki S. Ali; Rushelle Baartman; Yanga Balfour; Adam P. Beardsley; Gianni Bernardi; Tashalee S. Billings; Judd D. Bowman; Richard F. Bradley; Philip Bull; Jacob Burba; Ruby Byrne; Steven Carey; Chris L. Carilli; Kai Feng Chen; Carina Cheng; Samir Choudhuri; David R. DeBoer; Eloy de Lera Acedo; Matt Dexter; Joshua S. Dillon; Scott Dynes; Nico Eksteen; John Ely; Aaron Ewall-Wice; Nicolas Fagnoni; Randall Fritz; Steven R. Furlanetto; Kingsley Gale-Sides; Hugh Garsden; Bharat Kumar Gehlot; Abhik Ghosh; Brian Glendenning; Adelie Gorce; Deepthi Gorthi; Bradley Greig; Jasper Grobbelaar; Ziyaad Halday; Bryna J. Hazelton; Jacqueline N. Hewitt; Jack Hickish; Tian Huang; Alec Josaitis; Austin Julius; MacCalvin Kariseb; Nicholas S. Kern; Joshua Kerrigan; Honggeun Kim; Piyanat Kittiwisit; Saul A. Kohn; Matthew Kolopanis; Adam Lanman; Paul La Plante; Adrian Liu; Anita Loots; Yin Zhe Ma; David Harold Edward MacMahon; Lourence Malan; Cresshim Malgas; Keith Malgas; Bradley Marero; Zachary E. Martinot; Andrei Mesinger; Mathakane Molewa; Miguel F. Morales; Tshegofalang Mosiane; Steven G. Murray; Abraham R. Neben; Bojan Nikolic; Chuneeta Devi Nunhokee; Hans Nuwegeld; Aaron R. Parsons; Robert Pascua; Nipanjana Patra; Samantha Pieterse; Yuxiang Qin; Eleanor Rath; Nima Razavi-Ghods; Daniel Riley; James Robnett; Kathryn Rosie; Mario G. Santos; Peter Sims; Saurabh Singh; Dara Storer; Hilton Swarts; Jianrong Tan; Nithyanandan Thyagarajan; Pieter van Wyngaarden; Peter K.G. Williams; Haoxuan Zheng; Zhilei Xu

doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ad3122

Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) Phase II Deployment and Commissioning

Lindsay M. Berkhout^*, Daniel C. Jacobs, Zuhra Abdurashidova, Tyrone Adams, James E. Aguirre, Paul Alexander, Zaki S. Ali, Rushelle Baartman, Yanga Balfour, Adam P. Beardsley, Gianni Bernardi, Tashalee S. Billings, Judd D. Bowman, Richard F. Bradley, Philip Bull, Jacob Burba, Ruby Byrne, Steven Carey, Chris L. Carilli, Kai Feng ChenCarina Cheng, Samir Choudhuri, David R. DeBoer, Eloy de Lera Acedo, Matt Dexter, Joshua S. Dillon, Scott Dynes, Nico Eksteen, John Ely, Aaron Ewall-Wice, Nicolas Fagnoni, Randall Fritz, Steven R. Furlanetto, Kingsley Gale-Sides, Hugh Garsden, Bharat Kumar Gehlot, Abhik Ghosh, Brian Glendenning, Adelie Gorce, Deepthi Gorthi, Bradley Greig, Jasper Grobbelaar, Ziyaad Halday, Bryna J. Hazelton, Jacqueline N. Hewitt, Jack Hickish, Tian Huang, Alec Josaitis, Austin Julius, MacCalvin Kariseb, Nicholas S. Kern, Joshua Kerrigan, Honggeun Kim, Piyanat Kittiwisit, Saul A. Kohn, Matthew Kolopanis, Adam Lanman, Paul La Plante, Adrian Liu, Anita Loots, Yin Zhe Ma, David Harold Edward MacMahon, Lourence Malan, Cresshim Malgas, Keith Malgas, Bradley Marero, Zachary E. Martinot, Andrei Mesinger, Mathakane Molewa, Miguel F. Morales, Tshegofalang Mosiane, Steven G. Murray, Abraham R. Neben, Bojan Nikolic, Chuneeta Devi Nunhokee, Hans Nuwegeld, Aaron R. Parsons, Robert Pascua, Nipanjana Patra, Samantha Pieterse, Yuxiang Qin, Eleanor Rath, Nima Razavi-Ghods, Daniel Riley, James Robnett, Kathryn Rosie, Mario G. Santos, Peter Sims, Saurabh Singh, Dara Storer, Hilton Swarts, Jianrong Tan, Nithyanandan Thyagarajan, Pieter van Wyngaarden, Peter K.G. Williams, Haoxuan Zheng, Zhilei Xu

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

10 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

This paper presents the design and deployment of the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) phase II system. HERA is designed as a staged experiment targeting 21 cm emission measurements of the Epoch of Reionization. First results from the phase I array are published as of early 2022, and deployment of the phase II system is nearing completion. We describe the design of the phase II system and discuss progress on commissioning and future upgrades. As HERA is a designated Square Kilometre Array pathfinder instrument, we also show a number of “case studies” that investigate systematics seen while commissioning the phase II system, which may be of use in the design and operation of future arrays. Common pathologies are likely to manifest in similar ways across instruments, and many of these sources of contamination can be mitigated once the source is identified.

Original language	English
Article number	045002
Number of pages	29
Journal	Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
Volume	136
Issue number	4
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1088/1538-3873/ad3122
Publication status	Published - Apr 2024
Externally published	Yes

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10.1088/1538-3873/ad3122

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Berkhout, L. M., Jacobs, D. C., Abdurashidova, Z., Adams, T., Aguirre, J. E., Alexander, P., Ali, Z. S., Baartman, R., Balfour, Y., Beardsley, A. P., Bernardi, G., Billings, T. S., Bowman, J. D., Bradley, R. F., Bull, P., Burba, J., Byrne, R., Carey, S., Carilli, C. L., ... Xu, Z. (2024). Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) Phase II Deployment and Commissioning. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 136(4), Article 045002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1538-3873/ad3122

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title = "Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) Phase II Deployment and Commissioning",

abstract = "This paper presents the design and deployment of the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) phase II system. HERA is designed as a staged experiment targeting 21 cm emission measurements of the Epoch of Reionization. First results from the phase I array are published as of early 2022, and deployment of the phase II system is nearing completion. We describe the design of the phase II system and discuss progress on commissioning and future upgrades. As HERA is a designated Square Kilometre Array pathfinder instrument, we also show a number of “case studies” that investigate systematics seen while commissioning the phase II system, which may be of use in the design and operation of future arrays. Common pathologies are likely to manifest in similar ways across instruments, and many of these sources of contamination can be mitigated once the source is identified.",

keywords = "21 cm cosmology, Base-line calibration, Beam variations, Cosmic dawn, Fundamental limitations, I., Impact, Interferometer, Power spectrum estimation, Sky",

author = "Berkhout, {Lindsay M.} and Jacobs, {Daniel C.} and Zuhra Abdurashidova and Tyrone Adams and Aguirre, {James E.} and Paul Alexander and Ali, {Zaki S.} and Rushelle Baartman and Yanga Balfour and Beardsley, {Adam P.} and Gianni Bernardi and Billings, {Tashalee S.} and Bowman, {Judd D.} and Bradley, {Richard F.} and Philip Bull and Jacob Burba and Ruby Byrne and Steven Carey and Carilli, {Chris L.} and Chen, {Kai Feng} and Carina Cheng and Samir Choudhuri and DeBoer, {David R.} and {de Lera Acedo}, Eloy and Matt Dexter and Dillon, {Joshua S.} and Scott Dynes and Nico Eksteen and John Ely and Aaron Ewall-Wice and Nicolas Fagnoni and Randall Fritz and Furlanetto, {Steven R.} and Kingsley Gale-Sides and Hugh Garsden and Gehlot, {Bharat Kumar} and Abhik Ghosh and Brian Glendenning and Adelie Gorce and Deepthi Gorthi and Bradley Greig and Jasper Grobbelaar and Ziyaad Halday and Hazelton, {Bryna J.} and Hewitt, {Jacqueline N.} and Jack Hickish and Tian Huang and Alec Josaitis and Austin Julius and MacCalvin Kariseb and Kern, {Nicholas S.} and Joshua Kerrigan and Honggeun Kim and Piyanat Kittiwisit and Kohn, {Saul A.} and Matthew Kolopanis and Adam Lanman and {La Plante}, Paul and Adrian Liu and Anita Loots and Ma, {Yin Zhe} and {Edward MacMahon}, {David Harold} and Lourence Malan and Cresshim Malgas and Keith Malgas and Bradley Marero and Martinot, {Zachary E.} and Andrei Mesinger and Mathakane Molewa and Morales, {Miguel F.} and Tshegofalang Mosiane and Murray, {Steven G.} and Neben, {Abraham R.} and Bojan Nikolic and Nunhokee, {Chuneeta Devi} and Hans Nuwegeld and Parsons, {Aaron R.} and Robert Pascua and Nipanjana Patra and Samantha Pieterse and Yuxiang Qin and Eleanor Rath and Nima Razavi-Ghods and Daniel Riley and James Robnett and Kathryn Rosie and Santos, {Mario G.} and Peter Sims and Saurabh Singh and Dara Storer and Hilton Swarts and Jianrong Tan and Nithyanandan Thyagarajan and {van Wyngaarden}, Pieter and Williams, {Peter K.G.} and Haoxuan Zheng and Zhilei Xu",

year = "2024",

month = apr,

doi = "10.1088/1538-3873/ad3122",

language = "English",

volume = "136",

journal = "Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific",

issn = "0004-6280",

publisher = "Institute of Physics Publishing",

number = "4",

}

Berkhout, LM, Jacobs, DC, Abdurashidova, Z, Adams, T, Aguirre, JE, Alexander, P, Ali, ZS, Baartman, R, Balfour, Y, Beardsley, AP, Bernardi, G, Billings, TS, Bowman, JD, Bradley, RF, Bull, P, Burba, J, Byrne, R, Carey, S, Carilli, CL, Chen, KF, Cheng, C, Choudhuri, S, DeBoer, DR, de Lera Acedo, E, Dexter, M, Dillon, JS, Dynes, S, Eksteen, N, Ely, J, Ewall-Wice, A, Fagnoni, N, Fritz, R, Furlanetto, SR, Gale-Sides, K, Garsden, H, Gehlot, BK, Ghosh, A, Glendenning, B, Gorce, A, Gorthi, D, Greig, B, Grobbelaar, J, Halday, Z, Hazelton, BJ, Hewitt, JN, Hickish, J, Huang, T, Josaitis, A, Julius, A, Kariseb, M, Kern, NS, Kerrigan, J, Kim, H, Kittiwisit, P, Kohn, SA, Kolopanis, M, Lanman, A, La Plante, P, Liu, A, Loots, A, Ma, YZ, Edward MacMahon, DH, Malan, L, Malgas, C, Malgas, K, Marero, B, Martinot, ZE, Mesinger, A, Molewa, M, Morales, MF, Mosiane, T, Murray, SG, Neben, AR, Nikolic, B, Nunhokee, CD, Nuwegeld, H, Parsons, AR, Pascua, R, Patra, N, Pieterse, S, Qin, Y, Rath, E, Razavi-Ghods, N, Riley, D, Robnett, J, Rosie, K, Santos, MG, Sims, P, Singh, S, Storer, D, Swarts, H, Tan, J, Thyagarajan, N, van Wyngaarden, P, Williams, PKG, Zheng, H & Xu, Z 2024, 'Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) Phase II Deployment and Commissioning', Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, vol. 136, no. 4, 045002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1538-3873/ad3122

TY - JOUR

T1 - Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) Phase II Deployment and Commissioning

AU - Berkhout, Lindsay M.

AU - Jacobs, Daniel C.

AU - Abdurashidova, Zuhra

AU - Adams, Tyrone

AU - Aguirre, James E.

AU - Alexander, Paul

AU - Ali, Zaki S.

AU - Baartman, Rushelle

AU - Balfour, Yanga

AU - Beardsley, Adam P.

AU - Bernardi, Gianni

AU - Billings, Tashalee S.

AU - Bowman, Judd D.

AU - Bradley, Richard F.

AU - Bull, Philip

AU - Burba, Jacob

AU - Byrne, Ruby

AU - Carey, Steven

AU - Carilli, Chris L.

AU - Chen, Kai Feng

AU - Cheng, Carina

AU - Choudhuri, Samir

AU - DeBoer, David R.

AU - de Lera Acedo, Eloy

AU - Dexter, Matt

AU - Dillon, Joshua S.

AU - Dynes, Scott

AU - Eksteen, Nico

AU - Ely, John

AU - Ewall-Wice, Aaron

AU - Fagnoni, Nicolas

AU - Fritz, Randall

AU - Furlanetto, Steven R.

AU - Gale-Sides, Kingsley

AU - Garsden, Hugh

AU - Gehlot, Bharat Kumar

AU - Ghosh, Abhik

AU - Glendenning, Brian

AU - Gorce, Adelie

AU - Gorthi, Deepthi

AU - Greig, Bradley

AU - Grobbelaar, Jasper

AU - Halday, Ziyaad

AU - Hazelton, Bryna J.

AU - Hewitt, Jacqueline N.

AU - Hickish, Jack

AU - Huang, Tian

AU - Josaitis, Alec

AU - Julius, Austin

AU - Kariseb, MacCalvin

AU - Kern, Nicholas S.

AU - Kerrigan, Joshua

AU - Kim, Honggeun

AU - Kittiwisit, Piyanat

AU - Kohn, Saul A.

AU - Kolopanis, Matthew

AU - Lanman, Adam

AU - La Plante, Paul

AU - Liu, Adrian

AU - Loots, Anita

AU - Ma, Yin Zhe

AU - Edward MacMahon, David Harold

AU - Malan, Lourence

AU - Malgas, Cresshim

AU - Malgas, Keith

AU - Marero, Bradley

AU - Martinot, Zachary E.

AU - Mesinger, Andrei

AU - Molewa, Mathakane

AU - Morales, Miguel F.

AU - Mosiane, Tshegofalang

AU - Murray, Steven G.

AU - Neben, Abraham R.

AU - Nikolic, Bojan

AU - Nunhokee, Chuneeta Devi

AU - Nuwegeld, Hans

AU - Parsons, Aaron R.

AU - Pascua, Robert

AU - Patra, Nipanjana

AU - Pieterse, Samantha

AU - Qin, Yuxiang

AU - Rath, Eleanor

AU - Razavi-Ghods, Nima

AU - Riley, Daniel

AU - Robnett, James

AU - Rosie, Kathryn

AU - Santos, Mario G.

AU - Sims, Peter

AU - Singh, Saurabh

AU - Storer, Dara

AU - Swarts, Hilton

AU - Tan, Jianrong

AU - Thyagarajan, Nithyanandan

AU - van Wyngaarden, Pieter

AU - Williams, Peter K.G.

AU - Zheng, Haoxuan

AU - Xu, Zhilei

PY - 2024/4

Y1 - 2024/4

N2 - This paper presents the design and deployment of the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) phase II system. HERA is designed as a staged experiment targeting 21 cm emission measurements of the Epoch of Reionization. First results from the phase I array are published as of early 2022, and deployment of the phase II system is nearing completion. We describe the design of the phase II system and discuss progress on commissioning and future upgrades. As HERA is a designated Square Kilometre Array pathfinder instrument, we also show a number of “case studies” that investigate systematics seen while commissioning the phase II system, which may be of use in the design and operation of future arrays. Common pathologies are likely to manifest in similar ways across instruments, and many of these sources of contamination can be mitigated once the source is identified.

AB - This paper presents the design and deployment of the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) phase II system. HERA is designed as a staged experiment targeting 21 cm emission measurements of the Epoch of Reionization. First results from the phase I array are published as of early 2022, and deployment of the phase II system is nearing completion. We describe the design of the phase II system and discuss progress on commissioning and future upgrades. As HERA is a designated Square Kilometre Array pathfinder instrument, we also show a number of “case studies” that investigate systematics seen while commissioning the phase II system, which may be of use in the design and operation of future arrays. Common pathologies are likely to manifest in similar ways across instruments, and many of these sources of contamination can be mitigated once the source is identified.

KW - 21 cm cosmology

KW - Base-line calibration

KW - Beam variations

KW - Cosmic dawn

KW - Fundamental limitations

KW - I.

KW - Impact

KW - Interferometer

KW - Power spectrum estimation

KW - Sky

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85190746749&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1088/1538-3873/ad3122

DO - 10.1088/1538-3873/ad3122

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85190746749

SN - 0004-6280

VL - 136

JO - Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

JF - Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

IS - 4

M1 - 045002

ER -

Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) Phase II Deployment and Commissioning

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