Improving the management of ignorance and uncertainty: A case illustrating integration in collaboration

We are 23 researchers and practitioners who collaborated to accelerate the process of developing a multidimensional approach to ignorance and uncertainty. We focus on the integrative aspects of this partnership, presenting and then employing a framework to systematically describe integration: (1) integration for what and for whom? (2) integration of what? (3) what was the context in which the integration occurred? (4) integration by whom? (5) how was the integration undertaken? and (6) was the integration successful? This framework of six questions is widely applicable and brings to the surface aspects of collaboration that are usually hidden. We conclude by exploring (a) how to advance collaborative activity in developing multidimensional approaches to ignorance and uncertainty; (b) the use of this type of collaborative activity as a prototype for the development of the new specialization of integration and implementation sciences; and (c) how to improve the ability to measure the success of collaborations.