Liquid-Mediated Sintering of SnO₂ Scaffolds for Hybrid Integration of Conductive Cu₃(HHTP)₂

Cu₃(HHTP)₂, a benchmark MOF, combines intrinsic conductivity, long-lived excited states, and ordered porosity, making it attractive for energy, sensing, and optoelectronics. Yet, its integration has been largely limited to flat substrates with restricted surface area and poor architectural versatility. Here, we present a robust strategy for hybrid integration by applying liquid-mediated sintering to flame spray pyrolysis-derived SnO₂, forming nano–microcluster arrays that retain high porosity and mechanical stability during vapor-assisted MOF synthesis. Systematic comparison of three copper precursors reveals distinct effects on Cu₃(HHTP)₂ morphology, interconnectivity, and film quality. The resulting SnO₂/Cu₃(HHTP)₂ hybrid films establish p–n heterojunctions and show proof-of-concept photovoltaic activity, maintaining the solar-blind response of SnO₂. This work demonstrates a generalizable route for coupling conductive MOFs with porous semiconductor scaffolds, enabling mechanically stable, high–surface area hybrids for future optoelectronic and sensing applications.