Missing men, missing infertility: The enactment of sex/gender in surveys in low- and middle-income countries

Although reproduction involves (at least) two sexed bodies, men are often missing from in/fertility research. Surveys such as the widely-used Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) engage in often unintentional yet highly consequential practices of gendering. Here we identify two processes through which surveys have the potential to render male infertility invisible: defining the population at risk of infertility in an exclusionary way; and designing survey instruments to select out some groups/issues. Compiling information about survey samples and inclusion criteria in the DHS, and combining this with a qualitative examination of instrument design, we identify areas of mens invisibility across time and place. While inclusion of men in DHS samples has increased over time, some men (e.g. single and divorced, transgender) remain missing in many survey settings. This is problematic from a reproductive justice perspective. Survey results, which both reflect and contribute to mens invisibility, are widely used as an evidence-base for family and population policies. Moreover, reproductive health services are only made available to those whose reproductive health needs are recognized; mens exclusion from the reproductive discourse contributes to the stratification of reproduction. Mens underrepresentation in in/fertility data also reinforces the notion that reproduction is a womans domain, and so contributes to a system that places responsibility for reproduction on women. It is vital to explore how gender is enacted or done in such research.