Moderator effects differ on alternative effect-size measures

This paper discusses largely ignored issues regarding moderation of effect-sizes. We show that, under commonly-occurring conditions, popular alternatives for effect-size measures in ANOVA and multiple regression are not moderated identically across independent samples. Effects may appear to be unmoderated according to one effect-size measure but not according to another, or may even be moderated in opposite directions. We identify the conditions under which differential effect-size moderation can occur, and show that they are commonplace. We then review techniques for detecting and dealing with differential moderation of alternative effect-size measures. Finally, we discuss implications for research practice, reporting, replication, and meta-analysis.