TY - JOUR
T1 - Nationalist enclaves
T2 - Industrialising the critical mineral boom in Indonesia
AU - Warburton, Eve
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024
PY - 2024
Y1 - 2024
N2 - Nickel's new status as a critical transition mineral has altered developmental agendas in the world's largest producer—Indonesia. The country's resource nationalist ambitions for a higher-value downstream mining industry dovetail with global demand for nickel, a key ingredient in low-carbon technologies like electric vehicles. Indonesia banned raw nickel exports and forced importers, primarily from China, to invest in downstream processing facilities. As a result, Indonesia's nickel industry expanded at breathtaking speed, export revenues soared, and economic growth along the country's nickel belt grew to over three times the national average. Indonesia's leaders cast the downstream sector as both an economic success story and a point of nationalist pride. This paper reflects critically on nickel-led growth in Indonesia, arguing the industry is generating new nationalist enclaves. I advance this concept to capture the paradox that new nickel-based industrial parks meet resource nationalist demands for a value-added extractive sector; yet the parks emerge as reconstituted extractive economic enclaves. Nickel-led growth relies on narrow networks of foreign and politically-connected domestic capital, and the industry's benefits are unevenly distributed. These political economy arrangements generate positive pecuniary externalities for a narrow set of state and private actors, and familiar negative externalities for the environment and communities at sites of extraction.
AB - Nickel's new status as a critical transition mineral has altered developmental agendas in the world's largest producer—Indonesia. The country's resource nationalist ambitions for a higher-value downstream mining industry dovetail with global demand for nickel, a key ingredient in low-carbon technologies like electric vehicles. Indonesia banned raw nickel exports and forced importers, primarily from China, to invest in downstream processing facilities. As a result, Indonesia's nickel industry expanded at breathtaking speed, export revenues soared, and economic growth along the country's nickel belt grew to over three times the national average. Indonesia's leaders cast the downstream sector as both an economic success story and a point of nationalist pride. This paper reflects critically on nickel-led growth in Indonesia, arguing the industry is generating new nationalist enclaves. I advance this concept to capture the paradox that new nickel-based industrial parks meet resource nationalist demands for a value-added extractive sector; yet the parks emerge as reconstituted extractive economic enclaves. Nickel-led growth relies on narrow networks of foreign and politically-connected domestic capital, and the industry's benefits are unevenly distributed. These political economy arrangements generate positive pecuniary externalities for a narrow set of state and private actors, and familiar negative externalities for the environment and communities at sites of extraction.
KW - Energy transition
KW - Indonesia
KW - Nickel
KW - Political economy
KW - Resource governance
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85209367138&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.exis.2024.101564
DO - 10.1016/j.exis.2024.101564
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85209367138
SN - 2214-790X
VL - 20
JO - Extractive Industries and Society
JF - Extractive Industries and Society
M1 - 101564
ER -