Nuclear and nucleolar localization of parathyroid hormone-related protein

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) was first discovered as the factor causing hyper-calcaemia produced by solid tumours frequently associated with the head and neck, breast, lung and kidney. The homolggy of its amino-terminus to parathyroid hormone (PTH; eight of the first 13 residues are identical), enables it to share the same receptor and perform similar biological functions to PTH. The sequences of PTHrP C-terminal to its PTH-like region confer functions such as transplacental calcium transport, renal bicarbonate excretion and in vitro osteoclast inhibition. Recent findings have shown that PTHrP is a nuclear/nucleolar protein in certain tissues and that this localization is cell cycle-regulated, mediated by the middle portion of the molecule, and involves the nuclear import receptor importin β1. The present review discusses what is known about the pathway by which PTHrP localizes to the nucleus/nucleolus and the putative roles it may have there.