On the inner-outer core density contrast from PKiKP/PcP amplitude ratios and uncertainties caused by seismic noise

The inner core boundary (ICB) of the earth is characterized by a discontinuous change in elastic properties between the liquid outer and solid inner core. In the ray theory approximation, a measure of the density contrast at the ICB is given by the amplitude ratio of P waves reflected from the core-mantle boundary (CMB; PcP waves) and the ICB (PKiKP waves), since that ratio conveniently appears in an explicit form in the transmission/reflection coefficient equations. The results for inner-outer core density contrast derived from direct amplitude picks of these waves in the time domain have varied significantly among different authors.The transmission/reflection coefficients on the liquid-solid and solid-liquid boundaries derived from ground displacements enable a direct comparison between the amplitude measurements on displacement seismograms in the time domain and theoretical values. A new approach is proposed and applied to integrate effects of microseismic and signal-generated noise with the amplitude measurements, thus providing a direct maximal uncertainty measure. To suppress the effects of varying radiation pattern and distinctively different ray paths at longer epicentral distances, this new method was applied to high-quality arrivals of PcP and PKiKP waves from a nuclear explosion observed at epicentral distances 10°-20° from recording stations. The resulting uncertainties are high precluding precise estimates of the ICB density contrast, but provide a robust estimate of an upper bound from body waves of about 1100 kg m^-3. Median values of two amplitude ratios observed around 17° epicentral distance indicate a small density contrast of 200-300 kg m^-3 and suggest the existence of zones of suppressed density contrast between the inner and the outer core, a density contrast stronger than 5000 kg m^-3 at the CMB, or a combination of both.