On theory

This chapter shows how different perspectives on theory and theorizing have accompanied historical movements in the philosophy of science. It promotes a pragmatic perspective on theory that recognizes that theory can take different forms dependent on the theory’s purpose and how it is to be used. Gregor’s taxonomy of theory is presented, which recognizes different types of theory in terms of the different aims that theory serves, namely description, explanation, prediction and prescription (design and action). A desirable state is a systematized body of knowledge with supporting evidence that integrates these theory types. The theory development process is discussed in terms of the context of discovery (theory building) and the context of justification (theory testing) and is illustrated with evidence from eminent theorists in the field of management. A Theory Contribution Canvas is presented as a graphical aid to researchers to assist them in demonstrating the importance of their individual efforts to ongoing and overarching theory development.