Optimization of catalytic hydrodeoxygenation processes for bio-oil derived from palm frond waste: a comprehensive analysis utilizing response surface methodology

In this study, the optimization process was carried out by varying the parameters of temperature, reaction time, and catalyst ratio in the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) reaction. The optimization design was designed by the response surface methodology (RSM) using the Box Behnken design (BBD). NH₃-TPD analysis of the catalyst showed that the acidity of CuO/HZSM-5 was 0.7548 mmol/g, and the STEM image showed a fairly even distribution of metals in the zeolite. Based on the optimization method with BBD showed the significance of the model and quadratic term of temperature (A²), reaction time (B²), and catalyst mass (C²). GC–MS analysis indicated reduced acid and methoxyphenol groups alongside increased ester, phenol, and hydrocarbon compounds. The upgraded product exhibited higher carbon concentration and lower oxygen concentration, achieving a deoxygenation rate of approximately ~ 64%. Additionally, kinematic viscosity decreased compared to raw bio-oil, while the HHV improved from 10.27 to 16.23 MJ/kg. This upgrading process presents valuable avenues for future research.