Optimization of metasurfaces for lasing with symmetry constraints on the modes

The development of active metasurface systems, such as lasing metasurfaces, requires the optimization of multiple modes at the absorption and lasing wavelength bands, including their quality factor, mode profile, and angular dispersion. Often, these requirements are contradictory and impossible to obtain with conventional design techniques. Importantly, the properties of the eigenmodes of a metasurface are directly linked to their symmetry, which offers an opportunity to explore mode symmetry as an objective in optimization routines for active metasurface design. Here we propose and numerically demonstrate a multiobjective optimization technique based on symmetry projection operators to quantify the symmetry of the metasurface eigenmodes. We present, as an example, the optimization of a lasing metasurface based on up-converting nanoparticles. Our technique allows us to optimize the absorption mode dispersion, as well as the directionality of the lasing emission, and therefore offers advantages for novel lasing systems with high directionality and low lasing threshold.