Same same, but different: Uncovering unique features of the mitochondrial respiratory chain of apicomplexans

Mitochondrial respiration is a critical process for the survival of many eukaryotes, including parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa. These intracellular parasites include the causative agents of numerous serious diseases in humans and animals, including toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii) and malaria (Plasmodium species). Emerging evidence indicates that the mitochondrial respiratory chain of apicomplexans has notable differences to that of the host cells they infect. These differences make the respiratory chain a prominent drug target in apicomplexans, with numerous inhibitors of this pathway in current use or development. This review highlights unique aspects of the respiratory chain of apicomplexans and provides perspective on emerging points of inquiry into this essential and therapeutically exploitable pathway.