Search for a solution, 1923–39

In 1923 a Gallipoli veteran, not yet 40 years old, replaced a London-born man more than 20 years his senior as prime minister. The change might have been a mark of the times – the Anzacs coming into their own, in a nation their gallant deeds had made. But the new prime minister, Stanley Melbourne Bruce, was not an Anzac. He had been wounded at Gallipoli, but as a captain in a British regiment. And although born in the city after which he was named, the Cambridge-educated Bruce had spent nearly all his adult life in Britain. Bruce was an Anglo-Australian. He would not have seen his enlistment in a British regiment in preference to the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) as an act of disloyalty or arrogance. Neither would most Australians of his time. In his imperial patriotism Bruce had much in common with most men of the First AIF. Bruce walked with a limp, a result of wartime injuries; this legacy was something else shared with other Australian men of his generation. The war exacted great costs long after 1918. Apart from returned men’s suffering, there was the burden endured by wives and children, often amid official neglect. Many died prematurely, while some found themselves unable to earn a living as their health declined. Others battled on, and did their best to forget the horror. A few, such as Major General H.E. ‘Pompey’ Elliott, who had wept over Fromelles, killed themselves.