Thailand's energy-related carbon dioxide emissions from production-based and consumption-based perspectives

Over the past few decades, Thailand has been one of the highly open economies and one of the most successful countries in applying the export-led growth model. At the same time, carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions released in Thailand tripled between 1990 and 2015. To examine how international trade plays a role in shaping Thailand's CO₂ emissions inventory, we compare emissions under both production-based and consumption-based accounting over 1990–2015 and disaggregate total CO₂ emissions into traded and non-traded parts. We also use a multi-regional input-output database for performing a structural decomposition analysis (SDA) to investigate the factors contributing to changes in CO₂ emissions. We find that Thailand continually stood out as a net carbon exporting country. CO₂ embodied in exports accounted, on average, for 40% of domestically produced emissions. Our SDA results suggest that traded and non-traded emissions grew mainly due to increasing per-capita consumption in Thailand and abroad. The retarding effect from energy efficiency improvement was significant but not sufficient to reduce emissions.