The HST See Change Program. I. Survey Design, Pipeline, and Supernova Discoveries

The Supernova Cosmology Project; Brian Hayden; David Rubin; Kyle Boone; Greg Aldering; Jakob Nordin; Mark Brodwin; Susana Deustua; Sam Dixon; Parker Fagrelius; Andy Fruchter; Peter Eisenhardt; Anthony Gonzalez; Ravi Gupta; Isobel Hook; Chris Lidman; Kyle Luther; Adam Muzzin; Zachary Raha; Pilar Ruiz-Lapuente; Clare Saunders; Caroline Sofiatti; Adam Stanford; Nao Suzuki; Tracy Webb; Steven C. Williams; Gillian Wilson; Mike Yen; Rahman Amanullah; Kyle Barbary; Hans Böhringer; Greta Chappell; Carlos Cunha; Miles Currie; Rene Fassbender; Michael Gladders; Ariel Goobar; Hendrik Hildebrandt; Henk Hoekstra; Xiaosheng Huang; Dragan Huterer; M. James Jee; Alex Kim; Marek Kowalski; Eric Linder; Joshua E. Meyers; Reynald Pain; Saul Perlmutter; Johan Richard; Piero Rosati; Eduardo Rozo; Eli Rykoff; Joana Santos; Anthony Spadafora; Daniel Stern; Risa Wechsler

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abed4d

The HST See Change Program. I. Survey Design, Pipeline, and Supernova Discoveries

The Supernova Cosmology Project, Brian Hayden^*, David Rubin, Kyle Boone, Greg Aldering, Jakob Nordin, Mark Brodwin, Susana Deustua, Sam Dixon, Parker Fagrelius, Andy Fruchter, Peter Eisenhardt, Anthony Gonzalez, Ravi Gupta, Isobel Hook, Chris Lidman, Kyle Luther, Adam Muzzin, Zachary Raha, Pilar Ruiz-LapuenteClare Saunders, Caroline Sofiatti, Adam Stanford, Nao Suzuki, Tracy Webb, Steven C. Williams, Gillian Wilson, Mike Yen, Rahman Amanullah, Kyle Barbary, Hans Böhringer, Greta Chappell, Carlos Cunha, Miles Currie, Rene Fassbender, Michael Gladders, Ariel Goobar, Hendrik Hildebrandt, Henk Hoekstra, Xiaosheng Huang, Dragan Huterer, M. James Jee, Alex Kim, Marek Kowalski, Eric Linder, Joshua E. Meyers, Reynald Pain, Saul Perlmutter, Johan Richard, Piero Rosati, Eduardo Rozo, Eli Rykoff, Joana Santos, Anthony Spadafora, Daniel Stern, Risa Wechsler

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

6 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

The See Change survey was designed to make z > 1 cosmological measurements by efficiently discovering high-redshift Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) and improving cluster mass measurements through weak lensing. This survey observed twelve galaxy clusters with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) spanning the redshift range z = 1.13-1.75, discovering 57 likely transients and 27 likely SNe Ia at z ∼ 0.8-2.3. As in similar previous surveys, this proved to be a highly efficient use of HST for supernova observations; the See Change survey additionally tested the feasibility of maintaining, or further increasing, the efficiency at yet higher redshifts, where we have less detailed information on the expected cluster masses and star formation rates. We find that the resulting number of SNe Ia per orbit is a factor of ∼8 higher than for a field search, and 45% of our orbits contained an active SN Ia within 22 rest-frame days of peak, with one of the clusters by itself yielding 6 of the SNe Ia. We present the survey design, pipeline, and supernova discoveries. Novel features include fully blinded supernova searches, the first random forest candidate classifier for undersampled IR data (with a 50% detection threshold within 0.05 mag of human searchers), real-time forward-modeling photometry of candidates, and semi-automated photometric classifications and follow-up forecasts. We also describe the spectroscopic follow-up, instrumental in measuring host galaxy redshifts. The cosmology analysis of our sample will be presented in a companion paper.

Original language	English
Article number	87
Journal	Astrophysical Journal
Volume	912
Issue number	2
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abed4d
Publication status	Published - 10 May 2021

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Supernova Cosmology Project, T., Hayden, B., Rubin, D., Boone, K., Aldering, G., Nordin, J., Brodwin, M., Deustua, S., Dixon, S., Fagrelius, P., Fruchter, A., Eisenhardt, P., Gonzalez, A., Gupta, R., Hook, I., Lidman, C., Luther, K., Muzzin, A., Raha, Z., ... Wechsler, R. (2021). The HST See Change Program. I. Survey Design, Pipeline, and Supernova Discoveries. Astrophysical Journal, 912(2), Article 87. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abed4d

@article{234128d7404f45b49b0391c773f7d603,

title = "The HST See Change Program. I. Survey Design, Pipeline, and Supernova Discoveries",

abstract = "The See Change survey was designed to make z > 1 cosmological measurements by efficiently discovering high-redshift Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) and improving cluster mass measurements through weak lensing. This survey observed twelve galaxy clusters with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) spanning the redshift range z = 1.13-1.75, discovering 57 likely transients and 27 likely SNe Ia at z ∼ 0.8-2.3. As in similar previous surveys, this proved to be a highly efficient use of HST for supernova observations; the See Change survey additionally tested the feasibility of maintaining, or further increasing, the efficiency at yet higher redshifts, where we have less detailed information on the expected cluster masses and star formation rates. We find that the resulting number of SNe Ia per orbit is a factor of ∼8 higher than for a field search, and 45% of our orbits contained an active SN Ia within 22 rest-frame days of peak, with one of the clusters by itself yielding 6 of the SNe Ia. We present the survey design, pipeline, and supernova discoveries. Novel features include fully blinded supernova searches, the first random forest candidate classifier for undersampled IR data (with a 50% detection threshold within 0.05 mag of human searchers), real-time forward-modeling photometry of candidates, and semi-automated photometric classifications and follow-up forecasts. We also describe the spectroscopic follow-up, instrumental in measuring host galaxy redshifts. The cosmology analysis of our sample will be presented in a companion paper.",

author = "{Supernova Cosmology Project}, The and Brian Hayden and David Rubin and Kyle Boone and Greg Aldering and Jakob Nordin and Mark Brodwin and Susana Deustua and Sam Dixon and Parker Fagrelius and Andy Fruchter and Peter Eisenhardt and Anthony Gonzalez and Ravi Gupta and Isobel Hook and Chris Lidman and Kyle Luther and Adam Muzzin and Zachary Raha and Pilar Ruiz-Lapuente and Clare Saunders and Caroline Sofiatti and Adam Stanford and Nao Suzuki and Tracy Webb and Williams, {Steven C.} and Gillian Wilson and Mike Yen and Rahman Amanullah and Kyle Barbary and Hans B{\"o}hringer and Greta Chappell and Carlos Cunha and Miles Currie and Rene Fassbender and Michael Gladders and Ariel Goobar and Hendrik Hildebrandt and Henk Hoekstra and Xiaosheng Huang and Dragan Huterer and Jee, {M. James} and Alex Kim and Marek Kowalski and Eric Linder and Meyers, {Joshua E.} and Reynald Pain and Saul Perlmutter and Johan Richard and Piero Rosati and Eduardo Rozo and Eli Rykoff and Joana Santos and Anthony Spadafora and Daniel Stern and Risa Wechsler",

year = "2021",

month = may,

day = "10",

doi = "10.3847/1538-4357/abed4d",

language = "English",

volume = "912",

journal = "Astrophysical Journal",

issn = "0004-637X",

publisher = "American Astronomical Society",

number = "2",

}

Supernova Cosmology Project, T, Hayden, B, Rubin, D, Boone, K, Aldering, G, Nordin, J, Brodwin, M, Deustua, S, Dixon, S, Fagrelius, P, Fruchter, A, Eisenhardt, P, Gonzalez, A, Gupta, R, Hook, I, Lidman, C, Luther, K, Muzzin, A, Raha, Z, Ruiz-Lapuente, P, Saunders, C, Sofiatti, C, Stanford, A, Suzuki, N, Webb, T, Williams, SC, Wilson, G, Yen, M, Amanullah, R, Barbary, K, Böhringer, H, Chappell, G, Cunha, C, Currie, M, Fassbender, R, Gladders, M, Goobar, A, Hildebrandt, H, Hoekstra, H, Huang, X, Huterer, D, Jee, MJ, Kim, A, Kowalski, M, Linder, E, Meyers, JE, Pain, R, Perlmutter, S, Richard, J, Rosati, P, Rozo, E, Rykoff, E, Santos, J, Spadafora, A, Stern, D & Wechsler, R 2021, 'The HST See Change Program. I. Survey Design, Pipeline, and Supernova Discoveries', Astrophysical Journal, vol. 912, no. 2, 87. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abed4d

TY - JOUR

T1 - The HST See Change Program. I. Survey Design, Pipeline, and Supernova Discoveries

AU - Supernova Cosmology Project, The

AU - Hayden, Brian

AU - Rubin, David

AU - Boone, Kyle

AU - Aldering, Greg

AU - Nordin, Jakob

AU - Brodwin, Mark

AU - Deustua, Susana

AU - Dixon, Sam

AU - Fagrelius, Parker

AU - Fruchter, Andy

AU - Eisenhardt, Peter

AU - Gonzalez, Anthony

AU - Gupta, Ravi

AU - Hook, Isobel

AU - Lidman, Chris

AU - Luther, Kyle

AU - Muzzin, Adam

AU - Raha, Zachary

AU - Ruiz-Lapuente, Pilar

AU - Saunders, Clare

AU - Sofiatti, Caroline

AU - Stanford, Adam

AU - Suzuki, Nao

AU - Webb, Tracy

AU - Williams, Steven C.

AU - Wilson, Gillian

AU - Yen, Mike

AU - Amanullah, Rahman

AU - Barbary, Kyle

AU - Böhringer, Hans

AU - Chappell, Greta

AU - Cunha, Carlos

AU - Currie, Miles

AU - Fassbender, Rene

AU - Gladders, Michael

AU - Goobar, Ariel

AU - Hildebrandt, Hendrik

AU - Hoekstra, Henk

AU - Huang, Xiaosheng

AU - Huterer, Dragan

AU - Jee, M. James

AU - Kim, Alex

AU - Kowalski, Marek

AU - Linder, Eric

AU - Meyers, Joshua E.

AU - Pain, Reynald

AU - Perlmutter, Saul

AU - Richard, Johan

AU - Rosati, Piero

AU - Rozo, Eduardo

AU - Rykoff, Eli

AU - Santos, Joana

AU - Spadafora, Anthony

AU - Stern, Daniel

AU - Wechsler, Risa

PY - 2021/5/10

Y1 - 2021/5/10

N2 - The See Change survey was designed to make z > 1 cosmological measurements by efficiently discovering high-redshift Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) and improving cluster mass measurements through weak lensing. This survey observed twelve galaxy clusters with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) spanning the redshift range z = 1.13-1.75, discovering 57 likely transients and 27 likely SNe Ia at z ∼ 0.8-2.3. As in similar previous surveys, this proved to be a highly efficient use of HST for supernova observations; the See Change survey additionally tested the feasibility of maintaining, or further increasing, the efficiency at yet higher redshifts, where we have less detailed information on the expected cluster masses and star formation rates. We find that the resulting number of SNe Ia per orbit is a factor of ∼8 higher than for a field search, and 45% of our orbits contained an active SN Ia within 22 rest-frame days of peak, with one of the clusters by itself yielding 6 of the SNe Ia. We present the survey design, pipeline, and supernova discoveries. Novel features include fully blinded supernova searches, the first random forest candidate classifier for undersampled IR data (with a 50% detection threshold within 0.05 mag of human searchers), real-time forward-modeling photometry of candidates, and semi-automated photometric classifications and follow-up forecasts. We also describe the spectroscopic follow-up, instrumental in measuring host galaxy redshifts. The cosmology analysis of our sample will be presented in a companion paper.

AB - The See Change survey was designed to make z > 1 cosmological measurements by efficiently discovering high-redshift Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) and improving cluster mass measurements through weak lensing. This survey observed twelve galaxy clusters with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) spanning the redshift range z = 1.13-1.75, discovering 57 likely transients and 27 likely SNe Ia at z ∼ 0.8-2.3. As in similar previous surveys, this proved to be a highly efficient use of HST for supernova observations; the See Change survey additionally tested the feasibility of maintaining, or further increasing, the efficiency at yet higher redshifts, where we have less detailed information on the expected cluster masses and star formation rates. We find that the resulting number of SNe Ia per orbit is a factor of ∼8 higher than for a field search, and 45% of our orbits contained an active SN Ia within 22 rest-frame days of peak, with one of the clusters by itself yielding 6 of the SNe Ia. We present the survey design, pipeline, and supernova discoveries. Novel features include fully blinded supernova searches, the first random forest candidate classifier for undersampled IR data (with a 50% detection threshold within 0.05 mag of human searchers), real-time forward-modeling photometry of candidates, and semi-automated photometric classifications and follow-up forecasts. We also describe the spectroscopic follow-up, instrumental in measuring host galaxy redshifts. The cosmology analysis of our sample will be presented in a companion paper.

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U2 - 10.3847/1538-4357/abed4d

DO - 10.3847/1538-4357/abed4d

M3 - Article

SN - 0004-637X

VL - 912

JO - Astrophysical Journal

JF - Astrophysical Journal

IS - 2

M1 - 87

ER -

The HST See Change Program. I. Survey Design, Pipeline, and Supernova Discoveries

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