TY - JOUR
T1 - The status of phosphorus levels in Iranian agricultural soils — a systematic review and meta-analysis
AU - Jalali, Mohsen
AU - Buss, Wolfram
AU - Parviznia, Fatemeh
AU - Jalali, Mahdi
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
PY - 2023/7
Y1 - 2023/7
N2 - Phosphorus (P) inputs are essential for maximizing agronomic potential, yet high P inputs and subsequent P losses can cause eutrophication of water bodies. There is a need to evaluate P contents in agricultural soils globally both from an agronomic and environmental perspective. This systematic review and meta-analysis estimated the pooled mean levels of P contents of Iran. In this study, data on available and total P contents of Iran’s calcareous soils was compiled (main focus on Olsen P) and compared to (i) estimated Iranian background and global agricultural soil P contents, and (ii) agronomic and (iii) environmentally critical Olsen P values. The pooled mean estimate from the meta-analysis indicates that the levels of Olsen P across 425 soil samples (27 studies) were 21.3 mg kg−1 and total P across 190 soil samples (12 studies) 805.5 mg kg−1. Using 26 mg kg−1 as the agronomic critical Olsen P value above which no increase in crop yield occurs, crops grown on 61% of the soil samples in the investigated region would respond to P fertilizer and 20% of soils are currently in the optimum category (26–45 mg kg−1 Olsen P). The environmentally critical Olsen P value (~ 63 mg kg−1), defined as the amount above which P leaches from soil rapidly, was exceeded by 11% of soils with a further 4% of soils with elevated eutrophication risk. To maximize crop yields while maintaining a minimal risk of P leaching in Iran’s calcareous soils, we suggest an ideal Olsen P of 26 mg kg−1. The outcomes from this study inform about the P status of Iranian soils and could help update recommendations for P fertilizer applications in calcareous soils globally. The framework presented here could further be adopted to evaluate the P status in other soil types.
AB - Phosphorus (P) inputs are essential for maximizing agronomic potential, yet high P inputs and subsequent P losses can cause eutrophication of water bodies. There is a need to evaluate P contents in agricultural soils globally both from an agronomic and environmental perspective. This systematic review and meta-analysis estimated the pooled mean levels of P contents of Iran. In this study, data on available and total P contents of Iran’s calcareous soils was compiled (main focus on Olsen P) and compared to (i) estimated Iranian background and global agricultural soil P contents, and (ii) agronomic and (iii) environmentally critical Olsen P values. The pooled mean estimate from the meta-analysis indicates that the levels of Olsen P across 425 soil samples (27 studies) were 21.3 mg kg−1 and total P across 190 soil samples (12 studies) 805.5 mg kg−1. Using 26 mg kg−1 as the agronomic critical Olsen P value above which no increase in crop yield occurs, crops grown on 61% of the soil samples in the investigated region would respond to P fertilizer and 20% of soils are currently in the optimum category (26–45 mg kg−1 Olsen P). The environmentally critical Olsen P value (~ 63 mg kg−1), defined as the amount above which P leaches from soil rapidly, was exceeded by 11% of soils with a further 4% of soils with elevated eutrophication risk. To maximize crop yields while maintaining a minimal risk of P leaching in Iran’s calcareous soils, we suggest an ideal Olsen P of 26 mg kg−1. The outcomes from this study inform about the P status of Iranian soils and could help update recommendations for P fertilizer applications in calcareous soils globally. The framework presented here could further be adopted to evaluate the P status in other soil types.
KW - Calcareous soils
KW - Critical level
KW - Crop uptake
KW - Phosphorus application
KW - Phosphorus contamination
KW - Phosphorus fertilizers
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85162076852&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s10661-023-11412-5
DO - 10.1007/s10661-023-11412-5
M3 - Review article
SN - 0167-6369
VL - 195
JO - Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
JF - Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
IS - 7
M1 - 842
ER -