Timing of partial melting and cooling across the Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex (Nyalam, central Himalaya): In-sequence thrusting and its implications

The timing of crustal melting and cooling has been investigated across the migmatites of the Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex (GHC) in the Nyalam region, central Himalaya. Monazite U-Pb ages vary from 32 to 14 Ma and are linked to metamorphic conditions on the basis of monazite internal zoning, mineral inclusions, and changes in heavy rare earth element and Y composition. Metamorphic temperatures were estimated by Zr-in-rutile thermometry and cooling rates were further constrained by rutile U-Pb ages. The results reveal two distinct blocks within the GHC of the Nyalam region. The upper GHC experienced higher peak metamorphic temperatures (730-750°C) and a higher degree of melting (15-25%). Partial melting was dominated by muscovite dehydration melting, which lasted from ~32 to 25 Ma, possibly until ~20 Ma. The lower GHC experienced lower peak metamorphic temperatures (640-675°C) and a lower degree of melting (0-10%) mainly via H₂O-saturated melting from 19 to 16 Ma. At different times, both upper and lower blocks experienced initial slow cooling (rates 35 ± 8 and 10 ± 5°C Ma^-1, respectively) followed by rapid cooling (100 ± 20°C Ma^-1). The documented diachronous metamorphism implies the presence of the 'High Himalayan Thrust' that was active at ~25-16 Ma within the GHC of the central Himalaya. Different degrees and durations of partial melting in the investigated section suggest that a channel flow process dominated the exhumation of the upper GHC migmatites at 25-16 Ma, whereas a critical taper process dominated the exhumation of the relatively lower-grade lower GHC rocks and cooled upper GHC migmatites at 16-10 Ma. We suggest that propagating thrusts along large tectonic boundaries together with low-viscosity lateral crustal flow could contribute to exhumation of high-grade metamorphic rocks in the Himalaya and other similar collisional orogens.