Trust and communication in human-machine teaming

Intelligent highly-automated systems (HASs) are increasingly being created and deployed at scale with a broad range of purposes and operational environments. In uncertain or safety-critical environments, HASs are frequently designed to seamlessly co-operate with humans, thus, forming human-machine teams (HMTs) to achieve collective goals. Trust plays an important role in this dynamic: humans need to be able to develop an appropriate level of trust in their HAS teammate(s) to form an HMT capable of safely and effectively working towards goal completion. Using Autonomous Ground Vehicles (AGVs) as an example of an HAS used in dynamic social contexts, we explore interdependent teaming and communication between humans and AGVs in different contexts and examine the role of trust and communication in these teams. Drawing on lessons from the AGV example for the design of an HAS used for an HMT more broadly, we argue that trust is experienced and built differently in different contexts, necessitating context-specific approaches to designing for trust in such systems.