Why are the builders and operators of dams and hydels in the Hindu Kush–Karakoram–Himalaya so poorly prepared for hydroclimatic hazards?

The large and apparently increasing magnitude of losses of lives and property due to hydroclimatic hazards in the Hindu Kush–Karakoram–Himalaya (HKH), exemplified by the recent February,2021 Rishiganga and 2013 Kedarnath floods, shows that risk assessment and planning are inadequate.In the Anthropocene, where climate change is a real and present danger, the frequency ofsuch events is likely to increase along with the damage. Based on our present understanding of thehydroclimatic risks in the HKH, we appeal for a more comprehensive plan for improving our understandingand monitoring. The scheme suggests expansion of mapping and assessment of the factorsthat contribute to risk. Further development of the archives of extreme events as one of thebasis for risk assessment, developing real time monitoring of hazard elements such as the potentialfor lake outbursts and landslides is essential. Artificial intelligence (AI) should be employed to provideearly warning. In India a taskforce of the earth scientists, hydrologists, historians and engineers(civil and AI) should be established to chart a course for the creation of this understandingand monitoring.