Yin Yang-1 inhibits tumor cell growth and inhibits p21 ^WAF1/Cip1complex formation with cdk4 and cyclin D1

The GLI-Krüppel zinc finger factor yin yang-1 (YY1) is a complex protein that regulates a variety of processes including transcription, proliferation, development and differentiation. YY1 inhibits cell growth in a cell typespecific manner. The role played by YY1 in its control of tumor cell growth is unclear and controversial. We show here that YY1 can suppress the growth of different tumor cell types in vitro, including human breast carcinoma cells and glioblastoma cells. YY1 also blocked the growth of 13762 MAT mammary adenocarcinoma isografts in rats. YY1 inhibited 13762 MAT tumor growth by approximately 80% compared with the GFP alone group 21 days after injection. YY1 inhibited proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression and pRb ^{Ser249/Thr252} phosphorylation without influencing tumor microvascular density. Moreover, YY1 inhibited p21 ^WAF1/Cip1complex formation with cdk4 and cyclin D1. These findings demonstrate that YY1 can negatively regulate the growth of multiple malignant cell types.